Ditch Email Authentication with Twitter Fabric and Digits

In this blog entry we will update the real-time app from last time, with Digits for Android, an easy to use mobile identity provider that obsoletes authentication via email. With Digits for Android we can accelerate mobile app development and build an app with several real-time data features that you will be able to use as-is, or employ easily in your own data streaming applications:

• Log in with Digits auth (Login): using the Digits plugin for Fabric allowing the easiest mobile user authentication possible, even for users who don't have an email account.
• Send chat messages to a PubNub channel (Chat): using the PubNub plugin for real-time messaging and Publish/Subscribe API.
• Display current and historical chat messages (Chat): using the PubNub plugin and History API.
• Display a list of what users are online (Presence): using the PubNub plugin and Presence API.

In recent years, the dominant trend of mobile applications has been towards real-time applications, given its clear wins for user experience and monetization. Would Twitter or Slack work if they were email-only and produced a daily digest (like email lists of the past)? What do you call Uber or Lyft with only an email API and a daily static list of drivers? A phone book?! As you can see, there is a huge disruptive force that comes from seeing vehicle locations on a map in real time so you can just click-to-ride immediately. And as time goes on, there will be more and more adoption of real-time messaging: it is critical for applications in the IoT (Internet of Things) space, where a thermostat must provide the temperature and ability to control right now , not even 5 or 10 minutes ago. Emerging applications in the commercial and industrial IoT space have even more demanding requirements around real-time – there is little margin of error in robot and vehicle control.

Twitter Fabric is a development toolkit for Android (as well as iOS and some Web capabilities) that gives developers a powerful array of options:

• Familiar dev toolkit for iOS, Android and Web Applications: a unified developer experience that focuses on ease of development and maintenance.
• Brings best-of-breed SDKs all in one place: taking the pain out of third-party SDK provisioning and using new services in your application.
• Streamlined dependency management: Fabric plugin kits are managed together to consolidate dependencies and avoid “dependency hell”.
• Rapid application development with task-based sample code onboarding: You can access and integrate sample code use cases right from the IDE.
• Automated Key Provisioning: sick of creating and managing yet another account ? So were we! Fabric will provision those API keys for you.
• Open Source: allowing easier understanding, extension and fixes.

Digits is a free SDK on the Fabric platform enabling simple, global authentication via phone or SMS, eliminating the need for cumbersome password management and the additional complexity of 2-factor authentication.

Okay, so admittedly, that was a lot to digest. How do all these things fit together exactly?

• We are building an Android app because we want to reach the most devices worldwide.
• We use the Fabric plugin for Android Studio, giving us our “mission control” for plugin adoption and app releases.
• We adopt Best-of-Breed services ( like PubNub ) rapidly by quickly integrating plugin kits and sample code in Fabric.
• We use PubNub as our Global Real-time Data Stream Network to power the Chat and Presence features.
• In addition, we'll use  the Digits kit for Fabric to provide the easiest mobile user identity management possible.

As you can see in the animated GIF above, once everything is together, we have built an application very quickly that provides a great feature set with relatively little code and integration pain. This includes:

• Log in with Digits (or your own alternative login mechanism).
• Send & receive chat messages (or whatever structured real-time data you like).
• Show a list of users online (or devices/sensors/vehicles, etc.).

This all seems pretty sweet, so let's move on to the development side…

Sign up with Fabric

If you haven't already, you'll want to create a Fabric account like this:

You should be on your way in 60 seconds or less!

Android Studio

In Android studio, as you know, everything starts out by creating a new Project.

In our case, we've done much of the work for you – you can jumpstart development with the sample app by downloading it from GitHub , or the “clone project from GitHub” feature in Android Studio if prefer. The Git url for the sample app is:

https://github.com/sunnygleason/pubnub-android-fabric-chat.git

Once you have the code, you'll want to create a Fabric Account if you haven't already.

Then, you can integrate the Fabric Plugin according to the instructions you're given. The interface in Android Studio should look something like this, under Preferences > Plugins > Browse Repositories:

Once everything's set, you'll see the happy Fabric Plugin on the right-hand panel:

Click the “power button” to get started, and you're on your way!

Digits SDK Integration

Adding Digits is an easy 4-step process:

• Click to Install from the list of Fabric kits.
• Enter your Digits keys or have Fabric create a new account.
• Integrate any Sample Code you need to get started.
• Launch the App to verify successful integration… and that's it!

Here's a visual overview of what that looks like:

PubNub SDK Integration

Adding PubNub is just as easy:

• Click to Install from the list of Fabric kits
• Enter your PubNub keys or have Fabric create a new account
• Integrate any Sample Code you need to get started
• Launch the App to verify successful integration

Look familiar? That's the beauty of Fabric!

Using this same process, you can integrate over a dozen different toolkits and services with Fabric.

Navigating the Code

Once you've set up the sample application, you'll want to update the publish and subscribe keys in the Constants class, your Twitter API keys in the MainActivity class, and your Fabric API key in the AndroidManifest.xml . These are the keys you created when you made a new account and PubNub application in previous steps. Make sure to update these keys, or the app won't work!

Here's what we're talking about in the Constants class:

package com.pubnub.example.android.fabric.pnfabricchat;
public class Constants {
    ...
    public static final String PUBLISH_KEY = "YOUR_PUBLISH_KEY";            // replace with your PN PUB KEY
    public static final String SUBSCRIBE_KEY = "YOUR_SUBSCRIBE_KEY";        // replace with your PN SUB KEY
    ...
}

These values are used to initialize the connection to PubNub when the user logs in.

And in the MainActivity:

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private static final String TWITTER_KEY = "YOUR_TWITTER_KEY";
    private static final String TWITTER_SECRET = "YOUR_TWITTER_SECRET";
    ...
}

These values are necessary for the user authentication feature in the sample application.

And in the AndroidManifest.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.pubnub.example.android.fabric.pnfabricchat">
    ...
    <application ...>
        ...
        <meta-data
            android:name="io.fabric.ApiKey"
            android:value="YOUR_API_KEY" />
        ...
    </application>
    ...
</manifest>

This is used by the Fabric toolkit to integrate features into the application.

As with any Android app, there are 2 main portions of the project – the Android code (written in Java), and the resource files (written in XML).

The Java code contains 2 Activities, plus packages for each major feature: Pub/Sub messaging, Presence, and Multiplexing.

The resource XML files include layouts for each activity, fragments for the 2 tabs, list row layouts for each data type, and a menu definition with a single option for “logout”.

Whatever you need to do to modify this app, chances are you'll just need to tweak some Java code or resources. In rare cases, you might add some additional dependencies in the build.gradle file, or modify permissions or behavior in the AndroidManifest.xml .

In the Java code, there is a package for each of the main features:

• Chat: code related to implementing the real-time chat feature.
• Presence: code related to implementing the online presence list of users.

For ease of understanding, there is a common structure to each of these packages that we'll dive into shortly.

Android Manifest

The Android manifest is very straightforward – we just need one permission (INTERNET), and have 2 activities: LoginActivity (for login), and MainActivity (for the main application).

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.pubnub.example.android.fabric.pnfabricchat">
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <meta-data
            android:name="io.fabric.ApiKey"
            android:value="YOUR_API_KEY" />
        <activity android:name=".LoginActivity"
            android:screenOrientation="portrait"
            android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden">
        </activity>
    </application>
</manifest>

Hopefully this all looks familiar – most of it was auto-generated, with a couple of small additions from the Fabric code onboarding.

Layouts

Our application uses several layouts to render the application:

• Activity: the top-level layouts for LoginActivity and MainActivity
• Fragment: layouts for our 2 tabs, Chat and Presence
• Row Item: layouts for the 2 types of ListView , Chat and Presence

These are all standard layouts that we pieced together from the Android developer guide, but we'll go over them all just for the sake of completeness.

The login activity layout is pretty simple – it's just one button for the Twitter login, and one button for the super-awesome Digits auth:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    tools:context="com.pubnub.example.android.fabric.pnfabricchat.LoginActivity">
    <com.twitter.sdk.android.core.identity.TwitterLoginButton
        android:id="@+id/twitter_login_button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_above="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />
    <com.digits.sdk.android.DigitsAuthButton
        android:id="@+id/auth_button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_below="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />
    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceLarge"
        android:text="or"
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />
</RelativeLayout>

It results in a layout that looks like this:

The Main Activity features a tab bar and view pager – this is pretty much the standard layout suggested by the Android developer docs for a tab-based, swipe-enabled view:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:paddingBottom="0dp"
    android:paddingLeft="0dp"
    android:paddingRight="0dp"
    android:paddingTop="0dp"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <android.support.design.widget.TabLayout
        android:id="@+id/tab_layout"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
        android:elevation="6dp"
        android:minHeight="?attr/actionBarSize"
        />
    <android.support.v4.view.ViewPager
        xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        android:id="@+id/pager"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent" />
</LinearLayout>

It results in a layout that looks like this:

Ok, now that we have our top-level views, let's dive into the tab fragments.

The chat tab layout features a bar for sending a new message (that's what the RelativeLayout named “relativeLayout” is for, to create a “send message” section), with a scrolling ListView below.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal"
        android:id="@+id/relativeLayout">
        <EditText
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:id="@+id/new_message"
            android:textSize="10sp"
            android:layout_centerVertical="true"
            android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/sender">
            <requestFocus />
        </EditText>
        <Button
            style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="Send"
            android:id="@+id/sendButton"
            android:gravity="end"
            android:onClick="publish"
            android:layout_centerVertical="true"
            android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true" />
    </RelativeLayout>
    <ListView
        android:id="@+id/chat_list"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_below="@+id/relativeLayout" />
</RelativeLayout>

Combined with the ChatListRowUi layouts, it will create a view that looks like this:

The presence tab layout is even simpler, just a list of presence rows.

( Presence tab layout omitted for brevity's sake )

Combined with the ChatListRowUi layouts, it will create a view that looks like this:

A chat row contains very few data attributes: just sender, timestamp, and the message itself:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal">
        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/sender"
            android:text="Remote Device UUID"
            android:textSize="10sp"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
        <TextView
            android:id="@+id/timestamp"
            android:text="20160601T110000.000Z"
            android:textSize="10sp"
            android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:gravity="end"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
    </RelativeLayout>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/message"
        android:text="this is a sample real-time message from the data stream network"
        android:textSize="12sp"
        android:paddingTop="2dp"
        android:paddingBottom="6dp"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</LinearLayout>

Similarly, the presence row contains just a few data attributes: sender, timestamp, and the presence value

( Presence item row layout omitted for brevity's sake )

Hopefully that all wasn't too crazy! Now we can dive into the Java code, where there's more interesting stuff happening (or, at least we think so).

Java Code

In the code that follows, we've categorized things into a few areas for ease of explanation. Some of these are standard Java/Android patterns, and some of them are just tricks we used to follow PubNub or other APIs more easily.

• Activities: these are the high-level views of the application, the Java code provides initialization and UI element event handling
• Pojos: these are Plain Old Java Objects representing the “pure data” that flows from the network into our application
• Fragments: these are the Java classes that handle instantiation of the UI tabs
• RowUis: these are the corresponding UI element views of the Pojo classes (for example, the sender field is represented by an TextView in the UI)
• PnCallbacks: these classes handle incoming PubNub data events (for publish/subscribe messaging and presence)
• Adapters: these classes accept the data from inbound data events and translate them into a form that is useful to the UI

That might seem like a lot to take in, but hopefully as we go into the code it should feel a lot easier.

LoginActivity

The LoginActivity is pretty basic – we just include code for instantiating the view and setting up Digits login callbacks. (If you look at the actual source code, you'll also notice code to support Twitter auth as well)

public class LoginActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    ...
    private DigitsAuthButton digitsButton;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);
        ...
        digitsButton = (DigitsAuthButton) findViewById(R.id.auth_button);
        digitsButton.setCallback(new AuthCallback() {
            @Override
            public void success(DigitsSession session, String phoneNumber) {
                Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Authentication successful for "
                        + phoneNumber, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                SharedPreferences sp = getSharedPreferences(Constants.DATASTREAM_PREFS, MODE_PRIVATE);
                SharedPreferences.Editor edit = sp.edit();
                edit.putString(Constants.DATASTREAM_UUID, session.getPhoneNumber());
                edit.apply();
                Intent intent = new Intent(LoginActivity.this, MainActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
            }
            @Override
            public void failure(DigitsException exception) {
                Log.d("Digits", "Sign in with Digits failure", exception);
            }
        });
    }
    ...
}

We attach the login event to a callback with two outcomes: the success callback, which extracts the phone number and moves on to the MainActivity to display a Toast message; and the error callback, which does nothing but Log (for now).

In a real application, you'd probably want to use the Digits user ID from the digitsSession to link it to a user account in the backend.

MainActivity

There's a lot more going on in the MainActivity . This makes sense, since it's the place where the application is initialized and where UI event handlers live. Take a moment to glance through the code and we'll talk about it below.

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    ...
    private Pubnub mPubnub;
    private ChatPnCallback mChatCallback;
    private ChatListAdapter mChatListAdapter;
    private PresencePnCallback mPresenceCallback;
    private PresenceListAdapter mPresenceListAdapter;
    private SharedPreferences mSharedPrefs;
    private String mUsername;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        TwitterAuthConfig authConfig = new TwitterAuthConfig(TWITTER_KEY, TWITTER_SECRET);
        Fabric.with(this, new Twitter(authConfig));
        mSharedPrefs = getSharedPreferences(Constants.DATASTREAM_PREFS, MODE_PRIVATE);
        if (!mSharedPrefs.contains(Constants.DATASTREAM_UUID)) {
            Intent toLogin = new Intent(this, LoginActivity.class);
            startActivity(toLogin);
            return;
        }
        this.mUsername = mSharedPrefs.getString(Constants.DATASTREAM_UUID, "");
        this.mChatListAdapter = new ChatListAdapter(this);
        this.mPresenceListAdapter = new PresenceListAdapter(this);
        this.mChatCallback = new ChatPnCallback(this.mChatListAdapter);
        this.mPresenceCallback = new PresencePnCallback(this.mPresenceListAdapter);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        TabLayout tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.tab_layout);
        tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Chat"));
        tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Presence"));
        tabLayout.setTabGravity(TabLayout.GRAVITY_FILL);
        final ViewPager viewPager = (ViewPager) findViewById(R.id.pager);
        final MainActivityTabManager adapter = new MainActivityTabManager
                (getSupportFragmentManager(), tabLayout.getTabCount());
        adapter.setChatListAdapter(this.mChatListAdapter);
        adapter.setPresenceAdapter(this.mPresenceListAdapter);
        viewPager.setAdapter(adapter);
        viewPager.addOnPageChangeListener(new TabLayout.TabLayoutOnPageChangeListener(tabLayout));
        tabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(new TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener() {
            @Override
            public void onTabSelected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
                viewPager.setCurrentItem(tab.getPosition());
            }
            @Override
            public void onTabUnselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
            }
            @Override
            public void onTabReselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
            }
        });
        initPubNub();
        initChannels();
    }
    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
        return true;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        int id = item.getItemId();
        switch (id) {
            case R.id.action_logout:
                logout();
                return true;
        }
        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }
    public void logout() {
        disconnectAndCleanup();
        Intent toLogin = new Intent(this, LoginActivity.class);
        startActivity(toLogin);
    }
    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
    }
    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        disconnectAndCleanup();
    }
    public void publish(View view) {
        final EditText mMessage = (EditText) MainActivity.this.findViewById(R.id.new_message);
        final Map<String, String> message = ImmutableMap.<String, String>of("sender", MainActivity.this.mUsername, "message", mMessage.getText().toString(), "timestamp", DateTimeUtil.getTimeStampUtc());
        try {
            this.mPubnub.publish(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME, JsonUtil.asJSONObject(message), new Callback() {
                @Override
                public void successCallback(String channel, Object message) {
                    MainActivity.this.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
                        @Override
                        public void run() {
                            mMessage.setText("");
                        }
                    });
                    try {
                        Log.v(TAG, "publish(" + JsonUtil.asJson(message) + ")");
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        throw Throwables.propagate(e);
                    }
                }
                @Override
                public void errorCallback(String channel, PubnubError error) {
                    try {
                        Log.v(TAG, "publishErr(" + JsonUtil.asJson(error) + ")");
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        throw Throwables.propagate(e);
                    }
                }
            });
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
    }
    private final void initPubNub() {
        this.mPubnub = new Pubnub(Constants.PUBLISH_KEY, Constants.SUBSCRIBE_KEY);
        this.mPubnub.setUUID(this.mUsername);
    }
    private final void initChannels() {
        try {
            this.mPubnub.subscribe(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME, this.mChatCallback);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
        try {
            this.mPubnub.subscribe(Constants.PRESENCE_CHANNEL_NAME, this.mPresenceCallback);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
        this.mPubnub.hereNow(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME, this.mPresenceCallback);
        this.mPubnub.history(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME, 200, this.mChatCallback);
    }
    private void disconnectAndCleanup() {
        getSharedPreferences(Constants.DATASTREAM_PREFS, MODE_PRIVATE).edit().clear().commit();
        if (this.mPubnub != null) {
            this.mPubnub.unsubscribe(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME);
            this.mPubnub.unsubscribe(Constants.CHANNEL_NAME);
            this.mPubnub.shutdown();
            this.mPubnub = null;
        }
        Digits.getSessionManager().clearActiveSession();
        ...
    }
}

The 2 main UI event handlers are:

• logout(): which processes a logout menu item click.
• publish(): which handles a message send button click.

The onCreateOptionsMenu() and onOptionsItemSelected() should look familiar to Android developers, it's just initializing and handling menu clicks.

Similarly, onStop() and onDestroy() handle the Android lifecycle events.

Ok, now that that's out of the way, we can dive into the onCreate() method. It takes care of:

• Initializing the Twitter API config.
• Initializing Fabric with the Twitter plugin (for Twitter and Digits).
• Ensuring that we are coming from the LoginActivity (or other activity) with the username preference set.
• Instantiating Adapter instances and Callback instances for Chat and Presence features.
• Creating the Tab layout with Chat and Presence tabs.
• Initializing PubNub.
• Connecting our app to the PubNub Chat channel.
• Handling message publish events coming from the chat UI.
• Cleanly destroying resources during the important lifecycle events (or logout).

There are a couple of things worth mentioning in this code.

We call hereNow() and history() to bootstrap the presence and chat features respectively. Make sure your PubNub application keys are configured with the Presence and Chat add-ons, or these features won't work!

We use the Digits.getSessionManager().clearActiveSession() to log out and clear the Digits session; otherwise, the credentials are persisted in the application between application restarts.

ChatPojo

The Pojo classes are the most straightforward of the entire app – they are just immutable objects that hold data values as they come in. We make sure to give them toString() , hashCode() , and equals() methods so they play nicely with Java collections.

The ChatPojo contains three fields: sender, message and timestamp.

public class ChatPojo {
    private final String sender;
    private final String message;
    private final String timestamp;
    public ChatPojo(@JsonProperty("sender") String sender, @JsonProperty("message") String message, @JsonProperty("timestamp") String timestamp) {
        this.sender = sender;
        this.message = message;
        this.timestamp = timestamp;
    }
    public String getSender() {
        return sender;
    }
    public String getMessage() {
        return message;
    }
    public String getTimestamp() {
        return timestamp;
    }
    @Override public boolean equals(Object obj) { ... }
    @Override public int hashCode() { ... }
    @Override public String toString() { ... }
}

PresencePojo

The PresencePojo contains three fields: sender, presence value and timestamp.

In our case, we use the value of the three main Presence event types for the presence value: “join”, “leave”, and “timeout”. We'll translate these events to corresponding status (online/offline/etc) strings in the PresenceListAdapter .

( PresencePojo code omitted for brevity's sake )

ChatListRowUi

The ChatListRowUi object just aggregates the UI elements in a chat list row. Right now, these just happen to be TextView instances.

public class ChatListRowUi {
    public TextView sender;
    public TextView message;
    public TextView timestamp;
}

PresenceListRowUi

The PresenceListRowUi object just aggregates the UI elements in a chat list row. Right now, these just happen to be TextView instances.

( PresenceListRowUi code omitted for brevity's sake )

ChatTabFragment

The ChatTabFragment object takes care of instantiating the Chat tab and hooking up the ChatListAdapter.

public class ChatTabFragment extends Fragment {
    private ChatListAdapter chatAdapter;
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                             Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_chat, container, false);
        ListView listView = (ListView) view.findViewById(R.id.chat_list);
        listView.setAdapter(chatAdapter);
        return view;
    }
    public void setAdapter(ChatListAdapter chatAdapter) {
        this.chatAdapter = chatAdapter;
    }
}

PresenceTabFragment

Similarly, the PresenceTabFragment object takes care of instantiating the Presence tab and hooking up the PresenceListAdapter.

( PresenceTabFragment code omitted for brevity's sake )

ChatListAdapter

The ChatListAdapter follows the Android Adapter pattern, which is used to bridge data between Java data collections and ListView user interfaces. In the case of PubNub, messages are coming in all the time, unexpected from the point of view of the UI. The adapter is invoked from the ChatPnCallback class: when a chat message comes in, the callback invokes ChatListAdapter.add() with a ChatPojo object containing the relevant data.

In the case of the ChatListAdapter , the backing collection is a simple ArrayList , so all the add() method has to do is:

• Add the item to the collection (actually prepend by doing insert(0, value) ).
• Notify the UI thread that the data set changed (this must happen on the UI thread only!).

The getView() method is also straightforward – it uses View Tags to memoize the objects already instantiated. So within the body of the getView() method, we just need to:

• Find the Pojo for the specified list position.
• Create a new RowUi object if necessary, or find the one already associated with the object.
• Populate the RowUi object with the new data.

Not too bad!

public class ChatListAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<ChatPojo> {
    private final Context context;
    private final LayoutInflater inflater;
    private final List<ChatPojo> values = new ArrayList<>();
    public ChatListAdapter(Context context) {
        super(context, R.layout.list_row_chat);
        this.context = context;
        this.inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
    }
    @Override
    public void add(ChatPojo message) {
        this.values.add(0, message);
        ((Activity) this.context).runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                notifyDataSetChanged();
            }
        });
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(final int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ChatPojo dsMsg = this.values.get(position);
        ChatListRowUi msgView;
        if (convertView == null) {
            msgView = new ChatListRowUi();
            convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.list_row_chat, parent, false);
            msgView.sender = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.sender);
            msgView.message = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.message);
            msgView.timestamp = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.timestamp);
            convertView.setTag(msgView);
        } else {
            msgView = (ChatListRowUi) convertView.getTag();
        }
        msgView.sender.setText(dsMsg.getSender());
        msgView.message.setText(dsMsg.getMessage());
        msgView.timestamp.setText(dsMsg.getTimestamp());
        return convertView;
    }
    ...
}

The PresenceListAdapter

The PresenceListAdapter also follows the Android Adapter pattern. This adapter is invoked from the PresencePnCallback class: when a presence event comes in, the callback invokes PresenceListAdapter.add() with a PresencePojo object containing the relevant data.

In the case of the PresenceListAdapter , the backing collections are a little different. We use a simple ArrayList to hold the list of user names, and a Map<String, PresencePojo> to store a map of user names to PresencePojo values. We do this because there may be cases (such as tapping on a username) where we want to lookup the presence of a given username quickly, so the Map instance will save us a lot of work.

One other aspect of presence is that we only store one line per user; in this application, it just makes sense to display the latest presence status in the presence tab. (You might imagine creating a more complex UI that has historical presence information.)

So given all the above, the add() method has to:

• Remove the existing items from the collections as appropriate (since we're only keeping the latest value)
• Add the item to the collections (actually prepend by doing insert(0, value) )
• Notify the UI thread that the data set changed (this must happen on the UI thread only!)

The getView() method is similarly straightforward – it uses View Tags to memoize the objects already instantiated. So within the body of the getView() method, we just need to:

• Find the Pojo for the specified list position
• Create a new RowUi object if necessary, or find the one already associated with the object
• Populate the RowUi object with the new data

For an extra level of usefulness, we include two methods for getting a human-friendly presence status (online/offline/idle) and color. In a real-world Android app, the actual values would probably be better stored in the appropriate externalized XML resource file.

public class PresenceListAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<PresencePojo> {
    private final Context context;
    private final LayoutInflater inflater;
    private final List<String> presenceList = new ArrayList<>();
    private final Map<String, PresencePojo> latestPresence = new LinkedHashMap<>();
    public PresenceListAdapter(Context context) {
        super(context, R.layout.list_row_presence);
        this.context = context;
        this.inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
    }
    @Override
    public void add(PresencePojo message) {
        if (latestPresence.containsKey(message.getSender())) {
            this.presenceList.remove(message.getSender());
        }
        this.presenceList.add(0, message.getSender());
        latestPresence.put(message.getSender(), message);
        ((Activity) this.context).runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                notifyDataSetChanged();
            }
        });
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(final int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        String sender = this.presenceList.get(position);
        PresencePojo presenceMsg = this.latestPresence.get(sender);
        PresenceListRowUi msgView;
        if (convertView == null) {
            msgView = new PresenceListRowUi();
            convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.list_row_presence, parent, false);
            msgView.sender = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.sender);
            msgView.presence = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.value);
            msgView.timestamp = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.timestamp);
            convertView.setTag(msgView);
        } else {
            msgView = (PresenceListRowUi) convertView.getTag();
        }
        msgView.sender.setText(presenceMsg.getSender());
        msgView.presence.setText(getPresenceText(presenceMsg.getPresence()));
        msgView.presence.setTextColor(getPresenceColor(presenceMsg.getPresence()));
        msgView.timestamp.setText(presenceMsg.getTimestamp());
        return convertView;
    }
    private String getPresenceText(String presenceEvent) {
        switch (presenceEvent) {
            case "join":
                return "online";
            case "leave":
                return "away";
            case "timeout":
                return "idle/disconnected";
            default:
                return "";
        }
    }
    private int getPresenceColor(String presenceEvent) {
        switch (presenceEvent) {
            case "join":
                return Color.rgb(0x00, 0x90, 0x00);
            case "leave":
                return Color.rgb(0x90, 0x90, 0x00);
            case "timeout":
                return Color.DKGRAY;
            default:
                return Color.BLACK;
        }
    }
    ...
}

Implement ChatPnCallback

The ChatPnCallback is the bridge between the PubNub client and our application logic. In this application, we have omitted the handlers for error, connect, disconnect and reconnect events that a real-world application would want to pay attention to. In the callback below, the most interesting code is in the successCallback() code. It takes an inbound messageObject object and turns it into a Pojo value that is forwarded on to the ChatListAdapter instance.

In the case of PubNub publish/subscribe messaging (our example chat), a message may take one of two forms: a single JSONObject message (in the event of channel subscription), or a JSONArray of message objects (in the event of a PubNub history() call).

In either case, we extract the relevant fields from the structured data object and pass along one or more ChatPojo objects to our trusty ChatListAdapter .

public class ChatPnCallback extends Callback {
    private static final String TAG = ChatPnCallback.class.getName();
    private final ChatListAdapter chatListAdapter;
    public ChatPnCallback(ChatListAdapter presenceListAdapter) {
        this.chatListAdapter = presenceListAdapter;
    }
    @Override
    public void successCallback(String channel, Object messageObject) {
        try {
            Log.v(TAG, "message(" + JsonUtil.asJson(messageObject) + ")");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
        try {
            if (messageObject instanceof JSONObject) {
                chatListAdapter.add(messageToPojo((JSONObject) messageObject));
            } else if (messageObject instanceof JSONArray) {
                JSONArray values = (JSONArray) ((JSONArray) messageObject).get(0);
                for (int i = 0; i < values.length(); i++) {
                    chatListAdapter.add(messageToPojo((JSONObject) values.get(i)));
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
    }
    private ChatPojo messageToPojo(JSONObject messageObject) throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> chatMessage = JsonUtil.fromJSONObject(messageObject, LinkedHashMap.class);
        String sender = (String) chatMessage.get("sender");
        String message = (String) chatMessage.get("message");
        String timestamp = (String) chatMessage.get("timestamp");
        ChatPojo chat = new ChatPojo(sender, message, timestamp);
        return chat;
    }
    ...
    // error, connect, disconnect and reconnect callbacks omitted for conciseness
    ...
}

Using the PresencePnCallback

The PresencePnCallback is the other bridge between the PubNub client and our application logic. In this application, we omit the handlers for error, connect, disconnect and reconnect events that a real-world application would want to pay attention to. In the callback below, the most interesting code is in the successCallback() code. It takes an inbound message object and turns it into a Pojo value that is forwarded on to the PresenceListAdapter instance.

In the case of Presence events (our example buddy list), that message may take one of two forms: a JSONObject message that contains a single “uuid” field (in the case of presence events), or a “uuids” field with a JSONArray of String uuids (in the case of a PubNub hereNow() call).

In either case, we extract the relevant fields from the structured data object and pass along one or more PresencePojo objects to our trusty PresenceListAdapter .

public class PresencePnCallback extends Callback {
    private static final String TAG = PresencePnCallback.class.getName();
    private final PresenceListAdapter presenceListAdapter;
    public PresencePnCallback(PresenceListAdapter presenceListAdapter) {
        this.presenceListAdapter = presenceListAdapter;
    }
    @Override
    public void successCallback(String channel, Object message) {
        try {
            Log.v(TAG, "presenceP(" + JsonUtil.asJson(message) + ")");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
        try {
            Map<String, Object> presence = JsonUtil.fromJSONObject((JSONObject) message, LinkedHashMap.class);
            List<String> uuids;
            if (presence.containsKey("uuids")) {
                uuids = (List<String>) presence.get("uuids");
            } else {
                uuids = Arrays.asList((String) presence.get("uuid"));
            }
            for (String sender : uuids) {
                String presenceString = presence.containsKey("action") ? (String) presence.get("action") : "join";
                String timestamp = DateTimeUtil.getTimeStampUtc();
                PresencePojo pm = new PresencePojo(sender, presenceString, timestamp);
                presenceListAdapter.add(pm);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw Throwables.propagate(e);
        }
    }
    ...
    // error, connect, disconnect and reconnect callbacks omitted for conciseness
    ...
}

And… that's about it! Hopefully this gives a good idea of what all the code in the sample application is for. There's just a few more code snippets we'll pass along for advanced users who want to dive deeper into Digits Authentication using Fabric.

Using Fabric for Digits Auth

With Fabric, integrating the Digits API is super simple. Just in case you want to learn more, we'll outline some of the additional code snippets you can use with Digits Auth in your Android application.

Login

We've already seen the code for setting up the login button in the LoginActivity .

digitsButton = (DigitsAuthButton) findViewById(R.id.auth_button);
digitsButton.setCallback(new AuthCallback() {
    @Override
    public void success(DigitsSession session, String phoneNumber) {
        ...
    }
    @Override
    public void failure(DigitsException exception) {
        ...
    }
});

If you'd prefer to trigger the login from a different event (not the Digits button), you can do so as follows:

Digits.authenticate(digitsAuthConfig);

In the code above:

• activity is the Activity context (the parent Android activity)
• callback is a Callback instance (to receive the result of the auth flow)

This code will instantiate a new web view that goes through the auth flow and gives control to the callback method as appropriate.

Obtaining the User Email Address

Digits allows users to link up their email address to their Digits account. To obtain the email address (possibly empty) from the Digits session, call as follows:

Digits.authenticate(authCallback, android.R.style.Theme_Material, "+34111111111", true);

Where android.R.style.Theme_Material is an optional theme override, and \+34111111111 is an optional initialization of the phone number, and true specifies that email information should be returned.

We should also note that this email may not be verified – you should call the session.getEmail().isVerified() to see whether the email address has been verified by the user.

Getting the DigitsSession

If your app ever needs to examine the active session, it can do so as follows:

DigitsSession session = Digits.getSessionManager().getActiveSession();
TwitterAuthToken authToken = session.getAuthToken();

This information can be used to make Twitter API requests from the application. In addition, Twitter supports OAuth Echo to send user credentials to your backend services in a trustworthy way.

Logout

Logout is easy, we just clear the Digits auth session via the session manager.

Digits.getSessionManager().clearActiveSession();

If you don’t clear the session in this manner, the credentials will be kept on the device for a while, even between app restarts. Not too shabby!

Validate

One thing worth mentioning – the Digits code will return a user session, but how can we trust the results? In a malicious case, the app may be running in a debugger where the user is tinkering with values. We wouldn’t want our backend to get “tricked” by bad information coming from malicious spoofed user requests! To cover this case, the Digits API and Twitter API provide authHeaders that can be used to validate the OAuth token on the user side and retrieve the user’s profile details directly from Twitter for cross-checking. For any app with an important backend, you’ll want to do something as follows:

URL url = new URL("https://your_backend/check_credentials.json");
HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
// Add OAuth Echo headers to request
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : authHeaders.entrySet()) {
  connection.setRequestProperty(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
// Perform HTTP request to backend, which in turn calls Twitter verify_credentials endpoint
connection.openConnection();

Phew! That’s a lot better. And safer!

Find Your Friends

Although we didn’t use it in this application, we also wanted to note that part of the beauty of Digits is the Find Your Friends feature that helps with massive viral growth of your application. Opening the find-your-friends flow is as easy as:

Digits.getInstance().getContactsClient().startContactsUpload();

For super-extreme viral growth, we suggest including copious memes such as grumpy cats in addition to the standard Digits friend finder.

Conclusion

Thank you so much for staying with us this far! Hopefully it’s been a useful experience. The goal was to hopefully convey our experience in how to build an app that:

• Log in with Twitter or Digits auth.
• Send chat messages to a PubNub channel.
• Display current and historical chat messages.
• Display a list of what users are online.

If you’ve been successful thus far, you shouldn’t have any trouble extending the app to any of your real-time data processing needs.

If you are interested in more information about using Twitter Fabric with PubNub please see the recording of our Twitter Fabric webinar with a member of the Fabric team at Twitter.

This post is part of a series. Here are the previous tutorials.

1. Building Real-time Android Apps with PubNub's Presence.
2. Accelerating App Delivery with Android, Fabric and PubNub.