Publish/Subscribe API for PubNub Rust SDK

The foundation of the PubNub service is the ability to send a message and have it delivered anywhere in less than 100ms. Send a message to just one other person, or broadcast to thousands of subscribers at once.

For higher-level conceptual details on publishing and subscribing, refer to Connection Management and to Publish Messages.

Publish

Available in features

defaultfullpublish

The publish_message() function is used to send a message to all subscribers of a channel. To publish a message you must first specify a valid publish_key at initialization. A successfully published message is replicated across the PubNub Real-Time Network and sent simultaneously to all subscribed clients on a channel.

Publish Anytime

It's not required to be subscribed to a channel in order to publish to that channel.

Message Data

The message argument can contain any JSON serializable data, including Objects, Arrays, Integers, and Strings. data should not contain special classes or functions as these will not serialize. String content can include any single-byte or multi-byte UTF-8 character.

Don't JSON serialize

It is important to note that you should not JSON serialize when sending signals/messages via PUBNUB. Why? Because the serialization is done for you automatically. Instead, just pass the full object as the message payload. PubNub takes care of everything for you.

Message Size

The maximum number of characters per message is 32 KiB by default. The maximum message size is based on the final escaped character count, including the channel name. An ideal message size is under 1800 bytes which allows a message to be compressed and sent using single IP datagram (1.5 KiB) providing optimal network performance.

Message Too Large Error

If the message size exceeds 32KiB, you receive an appropriate error response.

For further details, check the support article.

Message Publish Rate

Messages can be published as fast as bandwidth conditions will allow. There is a soft limit based on max throughput since messages will be discarded if the subscriber can't keep pace with the publisher.

For example, if 200 messages are published simultaneously before a subscriber has had a chance to receive any messages, the subscriber may not receive the first 100 messages because the message queue has a limit of only 100 messages stored in memory.

Publishing to Multiple Channels

It is not possible to publish a message to multiple channels simultaneously. The message must be published to one channel at a time.

Publishing Messages Reliably

There are some best practices to ensure messages are delivered when publishing to a channel:

• Publish to any given channel in a serial manner (not concurrently).
• Check that the return code is success (for example, [1,"Sent","136074940..."])
• Publish the next message only after receiving a success return code.
• If a failure code is returned ([0,"blah","<timetoken>"]), retry the publish.
• Avoid exceeding the in-memory queue's capacity of 100 messages. An overflow situation (aka missed messages) can occur if slow subscribers fail to keep up with the publish pace in a given period of time.
• Throttle publish bursts in accordance with your app's latency needs, for example, Publish no faster than 5 messages per second to any one channel.

Method(s)

To Publish a message you can use the following method(s) in the Rust SDK:

pubnub
    .publish_message(T: Serialize)
    .channel(Into<String>)
    .store(Option<bool>)
    .meta(Option<HashMap<String, String>>)
    .replicate(bool)
    .ttl(Option<u32>)
    .use_post(bool)
    .execute()

Parameter	Type	Required	Default	Description
publish_message	T: Serialize	Yes		The message payload. Any type that implements the Serialize trait is allowed.
channel	Into<String>	Yes		The channel to send the message to.
store	Option<bool>	Optional	Account default	Whether to store the messages in Message Persistence or not.
meta	Option<HashMap<String, String>>	Optional		A hash map of additional information about the message you can use for Filters.
replicate	bool	Optional		Whether to replicate the messages across points of presence or not. Refer to Replicated Transactions for more information.
ttl	Option<u32>	Optional		A per message time to live in Message Persistence. 1. If store = true, and ttl = 0, the message is stored with no expiry time. 2. If store = true and ttl = X (X is an Integer value), the message is stored with an expiry time of X hours. 3. If store = false, the ttl parameter is ignored. 4. If ttl isn't specified, then expiration of the message defaults back to the expiry value for the key.
use_post	bool	Optional	false	Whether to use HTTP POST to publish the message.
execute		Yes	false	Executes the request based on the provided data. This function returns a Future and you must .await the value.

Basic Usage

Publish a message to a channel:

Other Examples

Returns

The publish() operation returns a PublishResult which contains the timetoken, or a PubNub Error which contains the error indicator and the description of the error.

// success example
PublishResult { timetoken: "16808621084073203" }

// failure example
Error: PublishError("Status code: 400, body: OtherResponse { status: 400, error: true, service: \"Access Manager\", message: \"Invalid Subscribe Key\" }")

Subscribe

Available in features

defaultfullsubscribe

The subscribe function creates an open TCP socket to PubNub and begins listening for messages and events on a specified entity or set of entities. To subscribe successfully, you must configure the appropriate subscribe_key at initialization.

Entities are first-class citizens that provide access to their encapsulated APIs. You can subscribe using the PubNub client object or directly on a specific entity:

• Channel
• ChannelGroup
• UserMetadata
• ChannelMetadata

A newly subscribed client receives messages after the subscribe() call completes. You can configure with_retry_policy() to automatically attempt to reconnect and retrieve any available messages if a client gets disconnected.

Subscription scope

Subscription objects provide an interface to attach listeners for various real-time update types. Your app receives messages and events via those event listeners. Two types of subscriptions are available:

• Subscription, created from an entity with a scope of only that entity (for example, a particular channel)
• SubscriptionSet, created from the PubNub client with a global scope (for example, all subscriptions created on a single pubnub object ). A subscription set can have one or more subscriptions.

The event listener is a single point through which your app receives all the messages, signals, and events in the entities you subscribed to. For information on adding event listeners, refer to Event listeners.

Create a subscription

An entity-level Subscription allows you to receive messages and events for only that entity for which it was created. Using multiple entity-level Subscriptions is useful for handling various message/event types differently in each channel.

// entity-based, local-scoped
let channel = client.channel("channelName");
channel.subscription(options: Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>)

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
options	Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>	Yes	Subscription behavior configuration. Pass None for no options.

Create a subscription set

A client-level SubscriptionSet allows you to receive messages and events for all entities in the set. A single SubscriptionSet is useful for similarly handling various message/event types in each channel.

// client-based, general-scoped
pubnub.subscription(parameters: (SubscriptionParams {
    channels: Option<&[String]>,
    channel_groups: Option<&[String]>,
    options: Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>
}))

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
parameters	SubscriptionParams<String>	Yes	Additional Subscription configuration.
→ channels	Option<&[String]>	Yes	Subscription behavior configuration. Pass None for no options.
→ channel_groups	Option<&[String]>	Yes	Subscription behavior configuration. Pass None for no options.
→ options	Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>	Yes	Subscription behavior configuration. Pass None for no options.

Add/remove sets

You can add and remove subscription sets to create new sets. Refer to the Other examples section for more information.

SubscriptionOptions

SubscriptionOptions is an enum. Available variants include:

Option	Description
ReceivePresenceEvents	Whether presence updates for userId should be delivered through the listener streams.

Method(s)

Subscription and SubscriptionSet use the same methods to subscribe:

• Subcribe
• Subscribe with timetoken

Subscribe

To subscribe, you can use the following method in the Rust SDK:

subscription.subscribe()

Basic usage

Other examples

Create a subscription set from 2 individual subscriptions

// create a subscription from a channel entity
let channel = client.channel("channelName");
let subscription1 = channel.subscription(options: Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>);

// create a subscription from a channel group entity
let channel_group = client.channel_group("channelGroup");
let subscription2 = channel_group.subscription(options: Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>);

// create a subscription set from individual entities
let set = subscription1 + subscription2;

// Add another subscription to the set
set += subscription3
// Or
set.add_subscriptions(subscription3)

show all 20 lines

Create a subscription set from 2 sets

// create a subscription set with multiple channels
let set1 = pubnub.subscription(parameters: (SubscriptionParams {
    channels: Some(&["channelName1", "channelName2"]),
    channel_groups: None,
    options: None
}))

// create a subscription set with multiple channel groups and options
let set2 = pubnub.subscription(parameters: (SubscriptionParams {
    channels: None,
    channel_groups: Some(&["channelGroup1", "channelGroup2"]),
    options: Option<Vec<SubscriptionOptions>>
}))

// create a new subscription set from 2 sets

show all 19 lines

Returns

The subscribe() method doesn't have a return value.

Subscribe with timetoken

To subscribe to real-time updates from a given timetoken, use the following method in the Rust SDK:

subscription.subscribe_with_timetoken(cursor: Into<SubscriptionCursor>)

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
cursor	Into<SubscriptionCursor> String usize u64	Yes	Cursor from which to return any available cached messages. Message retrieval with cursor is not guaranteed and should only be considered a best-effort service. A cursor consists of a timetoken and region: SubscriptionCursor{timetoken: String, region: u32} If you pass any primitive type, the SDK converts them into SubscriptionCursor but if their value is not a 17-digit number or a string with numeric characters, the provided value will be ignored.

Basic usage

let subscription = pubnub.subscription(SubscriptionParams {
    channels: Some(&["my_channel", "other_channel"]),
    channel_groups: None,
    options: Some(vec![SubscriptionOptions::ReceivePresenceEvents]),
});

let cursor = SubscriptionCursor {
    timetoken: "100000000000".to_string(),
    region: 1,
};

subscription.subscribe_with_timetoken(cursor);

Returns

The subscribe_with_timetoken() method doesn't have a return value.

Entities

Entities are subscribable objects for which you can receive real-time updates (messages, events, etc).

• Channel
• ChannelGroup
• UserMetadata
• ChannelMetadata

Create channels

These methods return one or more local Channel entities.

pubnub.channel(String)

pubnub.channels(&[String])

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
channel	String	Yes	The name of the channel to create a subscription of.
channel	&[String]	Yes	The slice with names of the channels to create a subscription of.

Basic usage

Create channel groups

These methods return one or more local ChannelGroup entities.

pubnub.channel_group(String)

pubnub.channel_groups(&[String])

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
channel_group	String	Yes	The name of the channel group to create a subscription of.
channel_groups	&[String]	Yes	The slice with names of the channel groups to create a subscription of.

Basic usage

Create channel metadata

These methods return one or more local ChannelMetadata entities.

pubnub.channel_metadata(String)

pubnub.channels_metadata(&[String])

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
channel_metadata	String	Yes	The String identifier of the channel metadata object to create a subscription of.
channels_metadata	&[String]	Yes	The slice with string identifiers of the channel metadata objects to create a subscription of.

Basic usage

Create user metadata

These methods return one or more local UserMetadata entities.

pubnub.user_metadata(String)

pubnub.users_metadata(&[String])

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
user_metadata	String	Yes	The String identifier of the user metadata object to create a subscription of.
users_metadata	&[String]	Yes	The slice with string identifiers of the user metadata objects to create a subscription of.

Basic usage

Event listeners

Messages and events are received in your app using a listener. This listener allows a single point to receive all messages, signals, and events.

You can attach listeners to the instances of Subscription, SubscriptionSet, and, in the case of the connection status, the PubNub client.

Add listeners

You can choose to implement a generic stream of updates for a given subscription (DataStream<Update>) or a stream dedicated to receiving only a selected type, like Message or File.

Method(s)

subscription
    /// Stream used to notify regular messages.
    .messages_stream() -> DataStream<Message>;

    /// Stream used to notify signals.
    .signals_stream() -> DataStream<Message>;

    /// Stream used to notify message reaction updates.
    .message_actions_stream() -> DataStream<MessageAction>;

    /// Stream used to notify about file receive.
    .files_stream() -> DataStream<File>;

    /// Stream used to notify about App Context (Channel and User) updates.
    .app_context_stream() -> DataStream<AppContext>;

show all 21 lines

Basic usage

Add connection status listener

The PubNub client has a listener dedicated to handling connection status updates.

Client scope

This listener is only available on the PubNub object.

Method(s)

pubnub.status_stream()

Basic usage

Returns

The subscription status. For information about available statuses, refer to SDK statuses.

Clone empty

Create a clone of an existing subscription with the same subscription state but an empty list of real-time event listeners.

Method(s)

subscription.clone_empty()

Basic Usage

Returns

A new instance of the subscription object with an empty event dispatcher.

Unsubscribe

Stop receiving real-time updates from a Subscription or a SubscriptionSet.

Method(s)

subscription.unsubscribe()

subscription_set.unsubscribe()

Basic Usage

let subscription = client.subscription(SubscriptionParams {
    channels: Some(&["my_channel", "other_channel"]),
    channel_groups: None,
    options: None
});
subscription.subscribe(None);

subscription.unsubscribe();

Returns

None

Unsubscribe All

Stop receiving real-time updates from all data streams and remove the entities associated with them.

Client scope

This method is only available on the PubNub object.

Method(s)

pubnub.unsubscribe_all()

Basic Usage

let subscription = client.subscription(SubscriptionParams {
    channels: Some(&["my_channel", "other_channel"]),
    channel_groups: None,
    options: None
});
subscription.subscribe();

let channel_group = client.channel_group("my_channel_group");
let cg_subscription = channel_group.subscription(None);
cg_subscription.subscribe();

pubnub.unsubscribe_all();

Returns

None